Arrays - Heap Sort

Heap Sort is an efficient, comparison-based sorting algorithm based on a binary heap data structure. Heap Sort builds a max-heap from the array and then repeatedly extracts the maximum element to achieve the sorted order. It is particularly effective for sorting large datasets due to its time complexity.

Speed:

 

Algorithm Steps

1. Build a Max-Heap: Start by building a max-heap from the input array.
2. Heap Sort Process:
   • Swap the root of the heap (maximum element) with the last element in the array.
   • Reduce the size of the heap and call heapify on the root to restore the max-heap property.
   • Repeat this process until the heap size is reduced to 1.
3. Final Sorted Array: The array will be sorted in ascending order as a result.

Complexity

• Time Complexity:
  • Best Case: $O(n \log n)$
  • Average Case: $O(n \log n)$
  • Worst Case: $O(n \log n)$
• Space Complexity: $O(1)$, as Heap Sort is an in-place algorithm.
• Stability: Heap Sort is not a stable sort (it does not preserve the relative order of equal elements).

Pseudocode

Heap Sort

procedure heapSort(A: list of sortable items)
    buildMaxHeap(A)
    for end = length(A) down to 2 do
        swap(A[1], A[end])
        heapSize = heapSize - 1
        heapify(A, 1)
    end for
end procedure

procedure buildMaxHeap(A: list of sortable items)
    for i = floor(length(A) / 2) down to 1 do
        heapify(A, i)
    end for
end procedure

procedure heapify(A: list of sortable items, i: integer)
    left = 2 * i
    right = 2 * i + 1
    largest = i
    if left ≤ heapSize and A[left] > A[largest] then
        largest = left
    end if
    if right ≤ heapSize and A[right] > A[largest] then
        largest = right
    end if
    if largest ≠ i then
        swap(A[i], A[largest])
        heapify(A, largest)
    end if
end procedure

Example

Java Implementation

public class HeapSort {
    public void heapSort(int arr[]) {
        int n = arr.length;
        
        for (int i = n / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
            heapify(arr, n, i);
        
        for (int i = n - 1; i > 0; i--) {
            int temp = arr[0];
            arr[0] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
            heapify(arr, i, 0);
        }
    }

    void heapify(int arr[], int n, int i) {
        int largest = i;
        int left = 2 * i + 1;
        int right = 2 * i + 2;

        if (left < n && arr[left] > arr[largest])
            largest = left;

        if (right < n && arr[right] > arr[largest])
            largest = right;

        if (largest != i) {
            int swap = arr[i];
            arr[i] = arr[largest];
            arr[largest] = swap;
            heapify(arr, n, largest);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int arr[] = {12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7};
        HeapSort hs = new HeapSort();
        hs.heapSort(arr);
    }
}

JavaScript Code Implementation

class HeapSort {
    heapSort(arr) {
        const n = arr.length;

        // Build a maxheap
        for (let i = Math.floor(n / 2) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            this.heapify(arr, n, i);
        }

        // One by one extract elements from heap
        for (let i = n - 1; i > 0; i--) {
            // Move current root to end
            [arr[0], arr[i]] = [arr[i], arr[0]]; // Swap

            // Call heapify on the reduced heap
            this.heapify(arr, i, 0);
        }
    }

    heapify(arr, n, i) {
        let largest = i; // Initialize largest as root
        const left = 2 * i + 1; // left = 2*i + 1
        const right = 2 * i + 2; // right = 2*i + 2

        // If left child is larger than root
        if (left < n && arr[left] > arr[largest]) {
            largest = left;
        }

        // If right child is larger than largest so far
        if (right < n && arr[right] > arr[largest]) {
            largest = right;
        }

        // If largest is not root
        if (largest !== i) {
            // Swap
            [arr[i], arr[largest]] = [arr[largest], arr[i]]; // Swap

            // Recursively heapify the affected sub-tree
            this.heapify(arr, n, largest);
        }
    }
}

// Example usage
const arr = [12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7];
const heapSort = new HeapSort();
heapSort.heapSort(arr);
console.log("Sorted array is:", arr.join(" ")); // Output the sorted array

Explanation of the Code

1. HeapSort Class:

   • Contains methods for performing heap sort.

2. heapSort Method:

   • Accepts an array (arr) as input.
   • Builds a max heap by calling heapify for each non-leaf node, starting from the last non-leaf node down to the root.
   • Repeatedly extracts the maximum element (the root of the heap) and swaps it with the last element of the heap, then reduces the size of the heap and calls heapify on the root.

3. heapify Method:

   • Maintains the heap property for a subtree rooted at index i, ensuring the largest element is at the root.
   • Compares the node with its left and right children and swaps if necessary, then recursively calls heapify to ensure the subtree maintains the heap property.

4. Example Usage:

   • An example array is created.
   • An instance of HeapSort is created, and heapSort is called on the array.
   • The sorted array is printed to the console.

Conclusion

In this article, we explored the Heap Sort algorithm. Heap Sort is a highly efficient, in-place sorting algorithm based on the binary heap data structure. By building a max-heap and then extracting the maximum element repeatedly, it achieves a sorted array with an average time complexity of $O(n \log n)$. However, Heap Sort is not stable, and its space complexity is $O(1)$ due to its in-place nature. It is well-suited for sorting large datasets due to its efficiency.