Operators in C

Operators are special symbols in C that perform operations on variables and values. Understanding operators is essential for writing effective C programs. This guide will cover the various types of operators available in C.

1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations.

Operator	Description	Example
+	Addition	int sum = a + b;
-	Subtraction	int diff = a - b;
*	Multiplication	int prod = a * b;
/	Division	int quot = a / b;
%	Modulus (Remainder)	int rem = a % b;

Example:

int a = 10, b = 3;
int sum = a + b;      // 13
int diff = a - b;     // 7
int prod = a * b;     // 30
int quot = a / b;     // 3
int rem = a % b;      // 1

2. Relational Operators

Relational operators compare two values and return a boolean result (true or false).

Operator	Description	Example
==	Equal to	x == y
!=	Not equal to	x != y
>	Greater than	x > y
<	Less than	x < y
>=	Greater than or equal to	x >= y
<=	Less than or equal to	x <= y

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 10, y = 5;
    printf("%d\n", (x == y));  // Output: 0 (false)
    printf("%d\n", (x != y));  // Output: 1 (true)
    printf("%d\n", (x > y));   // Output: 1 (true)
    printf("%d\n", (x < y));   // Output: 0 (false)
    printf("%d\n", (x >= y));  // Output: 1 (true)
    printf("%d\n", (x <= y));  // Output: 0 (false)
    return 0;
}

3. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to perform logical operations and combine multiple conditions.

Operator	Description	Example
&&	Logical AND	(x > 5 && y < 10)
!	Logical NOT	!(x > 5)

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 10, y = 5;
    printf("%d\n", (x > 5 && y < 10));  // Output: 1 (true)
    printf("%d\n", (x > 5 || y > 10));  // Output: 1 (true)
    printf("%d\n", !(x > 5));            // Output: 0 (false)
    return 0;
}

4. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operator	Description	Example
=	Assigns value	x = y
+=	Adds and assigns	x += y
-=	Subtracts and assigns	x -= y
*=	Multiplies and assigns	x *= y
/=	Divides and assigns	x /= y
%=	Modulus and assigns	x %= y

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 10, y = 5;
    x += y;  // Equivalent to x = x + y
    printf("%d\n", x);  // Output: 15
    return 0;
}

5. Increment and Decrement Operators

Increment and decrement operators are used to increase or decrease a variable's value by 1.

Operator	Description	Example
++	Increments value	++x or x++
--	Decrements value	--x or x--

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 10;
    printf("%d\n", ++x);  // Output: 11 (Pre-increment)
    printf("%d\n", x--);  // Output: 11 (Post-decrement)
    printf("%d\n", x);    // Output: 10
    return 0;
}

6. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators operate on bits and perform bit-level operations.

| Operator | Description | Example | | -------- | ----------- | ---------- | --- | --- | | & | Bitwise AND | x & y | | | | Bitwise OR | x | y | | ^ | Bitwise XOR | x ^ y | | ~ | Bitwise NOT | ~x | | >> | Left shift | x >> 2 | | << | Right shift | x << 2 |

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 5, y = 9;
    printf("%d\n", (x & y));   // Output: 1
    printf("%d\n", (x | y));   // Output: 13
    return 0;
}

7. Ternary Operator

The ternary operator is a shorthand for an if-else statement.

Operator	Description	Example
?:	Ternary	condition ? expr1 : expr2

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 10;
    int result = (x > 5) ? 100 : 200;
    printf("%d\n", result);  // Output: 100
    return 0;
}

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Understanding these operators is key to mastering C programming and writing efficient code!