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🧮 Variables & Data Types in JavaScript

Variables are the building blocks of any programming language. They store data that your code can use and manipulate.

JavaScript is a dynamically typed language, meaning you don’t need to declare the data type of a variable explicitly — it is determined at runtime.

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📦 What is a Variable?

A variable is a container for storing data values.

let message = "Hello, world!";

• let is the keyword.
• message is the variable name.
• "Hello, world!" is the assigned value.

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🛠️ Declaring Variables in JavaScript

JavaScript provides three ways to declare variables:

Keyword	Scope	Reassignment	Hoisting	Use Case
var	Function-scoped	✅ Yes	✅ Hoisted (initialized as undefined)	Legacy code
let	Block-scoped	✅ Yes	✅ Hoisted (not initialized)	Recommended for variables that change
const	Block-scoped	❌ No	✅ Hoisted (not initialized)	Recommended for constants

🔍 Example:

var name = "Ajay";
let age = 23;
const country = "India";

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🧪 JavaScript Data Types

JavaScript has two main categories of types:

🔹 1. Primitive Types

Type	Example	Description
String	"Hello"	Textual data
Number	42, 3.14	Integer or floating point numbers
Boolean	true, false	Logical true or false
Null	null	Intentionally empty value
Undefined	undefined	Declared but not assigned
Symbol	Symbol("id")	Unique and immutable identifier
BigInt	123n	Large integers

🔹 2. Non-Primitive (Reference) Types

• Object
• Array
• Function
• Date, RegExp, etc.

🧠 Typeof Example:

console.log(typeof 123);         // "number"
console.log(typeof "JS");        // "string"
console.log(typeof null);        // "object" (quirk in JS)
console.log(typeof undefined);   // "undefined"

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🗺️ Mermaid Diagram – Variable Declaration Flow

flowchart TD
  A[Declare Variable] --> B[Assign Value]
  B --> C{Which Keyword?}
  C --> D[var]
  C --> E[let]
  C --> F[const]
  D --> G[Function Scope]
  E --> H[Block Scope]
  F --> I[Block Scope, Immutable]

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💡 Best Practices

• ✅ Use let for variables you plan to reassign.
• ✅ Use const by default unless reassignment is needed.
• 🚫 Avoid var unless working in legacy code.
• ✅ Use meaningful variable names (e.g., userAge, isLoggedIn).

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❓ Interview Questions & Answers

1. What is the difference between var, let, and const?

• var: Function-scoped, hoisted, can be redeclared.
• let: Block-scoped, hoisted but not initialized.
• const: Block-scoped, cannot be reassigned.

2. What are primitive and non-primitive data types?

• Primitive: Single values (e.g., string, number, boolean).
• Non-primitive: Objects and functions (reference-based).

3. Why is typeof null an object?

It’s a legacy bug in JavaScript’s original implementation. Technically, null is a primitive.

4. Can we change the value of a const variable?

No, const variables cannot be reassigned. However, for objects and arrays, their contents can be mutated.

const person = { name: "Ajay" };
person.name = "Dhangar"; // ✅ Allowed
person = { name: "Someone" }; // ❌ Error

5. What does dynamically typed mean in JavaScript?

It means data types are assigned at runtime, and the same variable can hold values of different types during execution.

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🔗 Reference & Learn More

Visit CodeHarborHub for projects, interactive demos, and more JavaScript practice.

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✅ Summary

• JavaScript uses var, let, and const to declare variables.
• It supports both primitive and non-primitive data types.
• Variables are dynamically typed.
• Use let and const for modern, safe coding practices.

🎯 Mastering variables and data types is crucial to writing clean, bug-free JavaScript code.

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⏭️ Next Up

Continue your learning in the next section: Operators in JavaScript

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