Encapsulation in OOP

Encapsulation is a core concept in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) that involves bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, typically a class. It restricts direct access to some of the object's components, thereby protecting the object's internal state.

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Key Features of Encapsulation

• Data hiding: Prevents direct access to internal data members.
• Promotes modularity by ensuring that the internal workings of an object are hidden from the outside world.
• Achieved using access modifiers like private, protected, and public.

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Example of Encapsulation

C++ Code

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Employee {
private:
    int salary;  // Private data member

public:
    void setSalary(int s) {
        salary = s;
    }

    int getSalary() {
        return salary;
    }
};

int main() {
    Employee emp;
    emp.setSalary(5000);
    cout << "Employee Salary: " << emp.getSalary() << endl;
    return 0;
}

JavaScript Code

class Employee {
    #salary;  // Private field

    // Setter method for salary
    setSalary(salary) {
        this.#salary = salary;
    }

    // Getter method for salary
    getSalary() {
        return this.#salary;
    }
}

// Main code to demonstrate encapsulation
const emp = new Employee();
emp.setSalary(5000);
console.log(`Employee Salary: ${emp.getSalary()}`); // Output: Employee Salary: 5000

Advantages of Encapsulation

Increased security by restricting access to sensitive data. Modular design allows changes to internal implementation without affecting the external interface. Improved maintainability as the code is organized and modular.